/etc/apt/sources.list will list the different repositories that publish Debian packages. APT will then import the list of packages published by each of these sources. This operation is achieved by downloading Packages.xz files or a variant such as Packages.gz or .bz2 (using a different compression method) in case of a source of binary packages and by analyzing their contents. In case of a source of source packages, APT downloads Sources.xz files or a variant using a different compression method. When an old copy of these files is already present, APT can update it by only downloading the differences (see sidebar TIP Incremental updates).
/etc/apt/sources.list file represents a package source (repository) and is made of at least three parts separated by spaces. For a complete description of the file format and the accepted entry compositions see sources.list(5).
مثال 6.1. Example entry format in /etc/apt/sources.list
deb url distribution component1 component2 component3 [..] componentX deb-src url distribution component1 component2 component3 [..] componentX
debdeb-srcPackages.xz files, it must give a full and valid URL. This can consist in a Debian mirror or in any other package archive set up by a third party. The URL can start with file:// to indicate a local source installed in the system's file hierarchy, with http:// or https:// to indicate a source accessible from a web server, or with ftp:// or ftps:// for a source available on an FTP server. The URL can also start with cdrom: for CD-ROM/DVD/Blu-ray disc based installations, although this is less frequent, since network-based installation methods are eventually more common. More methods like ssh:// or tor+http(s):// are supported and are either described in sources.list(5) or their respective apt-transport-method package documentation.
./” which refers to the absence of a subdirectory. The packages are then directly at the specified URL. But in most common cases, the repositories will be structured like a Debian mirror, with multiple distributions, each having multiple components. In those cases, name the chosen distribution by its “codename” — see the list in sidebar جامعه کاربری بروس پرنس، رهبری بحث‌برانگیز — or by the corresponding “suite” (oldoldstable, oldstable, stable, testing, unstable) and then the components to enable. A typical Debian mirror provides the components main, contrib, and non-free.
cdrom به تشریح CD/DVD-ROM می‌پردازد. بر خلاف سایر مدخل‌ها، یک CD-ROM همیشه در دسترس نیست چرا که باید داخل درایو قرار گیرد و در هر لحظه بیشتر از یک دیسک در آن جای نمی‌گیرد. به همین دلایل، این منابع به شیوه گوناگونی مدیریت می‌شوند و نیاز دارند که با برنامه apt-cdrom اضافه گردند که معمولا از پارامتر add آن استفاده می‌شود. در این مورد، برنامه به دنبال دیسک موجود می‌گردد و از فایل Packages آن استفاده می‌کند. برنامه با استفاده از فایل‌های موجود، پایگاه داده درونی خود را بروزرسانی می‌کند (این عملیات با استفاده از دستور apt update انجام می‌شود). از این لحظه به بعد، APT هر زمان به برنامه‌ای از این فهرست نیاز داشته باشد دیسک مورد نظر آن را درخواست می‌کند.
sources.list برای سیستمی که نسخه Stable دبیان را اجرا می‌کند، ارائه می‌شود:
مثال 6.2. فایل /etc/apt/sources.list برای کاربران نسخه پایدار دبیان
# Security updates deb http://security.debian.org/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware deb-src http://security.debian.org/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware ## Debian mirror # Base repository deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware # Stable updates deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware # Stable backports deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
stable, stable-updates, stable-backports) because we don't want to have the underlying distribution changed outside of our control when the next stable release comes out.
sources.list فهرست شده باشد مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد. به همین دلیل، منابع غیر-رسمی همیشه در انتهای فایل قرار می‌گیرند.
security.debian.org, a small set of machines maintained by the Debian System Administrators. This archive contains security updates prepared by the Debian Security Team and/or by package maintainers for the Stable and Oldstable distribution.
Debian Security Advisory (DSA) and announces it together with the security update on the debian-security-announce@lists.debian.org mailing list (archive).
proposed-updates repository, carefully selected by the Stable Release Managers. All updates are announced on the debian-stable-announce@lists.debian.org mailing list (archive) and will be included in the next Stable point release anyway.
proposed-updates جایی است که برای برورزسانی‌های مورد انتظار در دوره بعدی تحت نظر مدیران انتشار پایدار تصمیمات مورد نظر گرفته می‌شود.
bookworm-proposed-updates alias which is both more explicit and more consistent since bullseye-proposed-updates also exists (for the Oldstable updates):
deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
stable-backports از “package backports” میزبانی می‌کند. این عبارت به بسته‌ای از یک نرم‌افزار اشاره می‌کند که برای یک توزیع قدیمی‌تر مجدد کامپایل شده است، به صورت عمومی برای Stable.
stable-backports are only created from packages available in Testing. This ensures that all installed backports will be upgradable to the corresponding stable version once the next stable release of Debian is available.
APT will not install them unless you give explicit instructions to do so (or unless you have already done so with a former version of the given backport):
$sudo apt-get install package/bookworm-backports$sudo apt-get install -t bookworm-backports package
sources.list برای سیستمی که از نسخه‌های Testing یا Unstable دبیان استفاده می‌کند قرار دارد:
مثال 6.3. /etc/apt/sources.list برای کاربران دبیان در نسخه‌های Testing/Unstable
# Unstable deb https://deb.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free non-free-firmware deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free non-free-firmware # Testing deb https://deb.debian.org/debian testing main contrib non-free non-free-firmware deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian testing main contrib non-free non-free-firmware # Testing security updates deb http://security.debian.org/ testing-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware deb-src http://security.debian.org/ testing-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware # Stable deb https://deb.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free non-free-firmware deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free non-free-firmware # Stable security updates deb http://security.debian.org/ stable-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware deb-src http://security.debian.org/ stable-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
sources.list file APT will install packages from the Unstable suite. If that is not desired, use the APT::Default-Release setting (see
قسمت 6.2.3, “بروزرسانی سیستم”
) to instruct APT to pick packages from another suite (most likely Testing in this case).
sources.list منجر به استفاده گسترده از بسته‌های موجود در آن نخواهد شد.
deb https://deb.debian.org/debian experimental main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
sources.list examples in this chapter refer to package repositories hosted on deb.debian.org. Those URLs will redirect you to servers which are close to you and which are managed by Content Delivery Networks (CDN) whose main role is to store multiple copies of the files across the world, and to deliver them as fast as possible to users. The CDN companies that Debian is working with are Debian partners who are offering their services freely to Debian. While none of those servers are under direct control of Debian, the fact that the whole archive is sealed by GPG signatures makes it a non-issue.
deb.debian.org can try to find a better mirror in the official mirror list:
ftp.country-code.debian.org (e.g. ftp.us.debian.org for the USA, ftp.fr.debian.org for France, etc.) which are covering many countries and which are pointing to one (or more) of the best mirrors available within that country.
deb.debian.org, there used to be httpredir.debian.org. This service would identify a mirror close to you (among the list of official mirrors, using GeoIP mainly) and would redirect APT's requests to that mirror. This service has been deprecated due to reliability concerns and now httpredir.debian.org provides the same CDN-based service as deb.debian.org.
mentors.debian.net site is interesting (although it only provides source packages), since it gathers packages created by candidates to the status of official Debian developer or by volunteers who wish to create Debian packages without going through that process of integration. These packages are made available without any guarantee regarding their quality; make sure that you check their origin and integrity and then test them before you consider using them in production.
sources.list مانند کش سرورهای معمولی کار می‌کنند. فایل apt-cacher-ng از APT بدون تغییر باقی می‌ماند، اما APT از آن‌ها به عنوان پروکسی برای درخواست‌های ارسالی خود استفاده می‌کند.
/etc/approx/approx.conf ذخیره می‌شود.
# <name> <repository-base-url> debian https://deb.debian.org/debian security http://security.debian.org/debian-security
sources.list file to point to the approx server:
# Sample sources.list pointing to a local approx server deb http://localhost:9999/security bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware deb http://localhost:9999/debian bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware