dpkg is the base command for handling Debian packages on the system. If you have .deb packages, it is dpkg that allows installation or analysis of their contents. But this program only has a partial view of the Debian universe: it knows what is installed on the system, and whatever it is given on the command line, but knows nothing of the other available packages. As such, it will fail if a dependency is not met. Tools such as apt and aptitude, on the contrary, will create a list of dependencies to install everything as automatically as possible.
dpkg، فراتر از همه، ابزار مورد نیاز جهت نصب یک بسته دبیان موجود می‌باشد (چرا که خود نمی‌تواند دانلود کند). برای اینکار، از گزینه -i یا --install آن استفاده می‌کنیم.
مثال 5.2. نصب یک بسته با استفاده از dpkg
#dpkg -i man-db_2.11.2-2_amd64.deb(Reading database ... 166273 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack man-db_2.11.2-2_amd64.deb ... Unpacking man-db (2.11.2-2) over (2.11.2-2) ... Setting up man-db (2.11.2-2) ... Updating database of manual pages ... man-db.service is a disabled or a static unit not running, not starting it. Processing triggers for mailcap (3.70+nmu1) ...
dpkg; we know, thus, at what point any error may have occurred. The installation can also be effected in two stages: first unpacking, then configuration. apt takes advantage of this, limiting the number of calls to dpkg (since each call is costly, due to loading of the database in memory, especially the list of already installed files).
مثال 5.3. از حالت فشرده خارج کردن و پیکربندی به صورت جداگانه
#dpkg --unpack man-db_2.11.2-2_amd64.deb(Reading database ... 166273 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack man-db_2.11.2-2_amd64.deb ... Unpacking man-db (2.11.2-2) over (2.11.2-2) ... Processing triggers for mailcap (3.70+nmu1) ... #dpkg --configure man-dbSetting up man-db (2.11.2-2) ... Updating database of manual pages ... man-db.service is a disabled or a static unit not running, not starting it.
dpkg will fail to install a package and return an error; if the user orders it to ignore this, it will only issue a warning; it is for this reason that we have the different --force-* options. The dpkg --force-help command, or documentation of this command, will give a complete list of these options. The most frequent error, which you are bound to encounter sooner or later, is a file collision. When a package contains a file that is already installed by another package, dpkg will refuse to install it. The following messages will then appear:
Unpacking libgdm (from .../libgdm_3.8.3-2_amd64.deb) ...
dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/libgdm_3.8.3-2_amd64.deb (--unpack):
trying to overwrite '/usr/bin/gdmflexiserver', which is also in package gdm3 3.4.1-9--force-overwrite استفاده کنید که به dpkg می‌گوید فایل جدید را جایگزین قبلی کند و از این خطا جلوگیری نماید.
--force-* options, only --force-overwrite is likely to be used regularly. These options only exist for exceptional situations, rarely encountered in Debian Stable. It is better to leave them alone as much as possible in order to respect the rules imposed by the packaging mechanism. Do not forget, these rules ensure the consistency and stability of your system.
dpkg with the -r or --remove option, followed by the name of a package, removes that package. This removal is, however, not complete: all of the configuration files, maintainer scripts, log files (system logs) and other user data handled by the package remain. That way disabling the program is easily done by uninstalling it, and it is still possible to quickly reinstall it with the same configuration. To completely remove everything associated with a package, use the -P or --purge option, followed by the package name.
مثال 5.4. حذف و پاکسازی بسته debian-cd
#dpkg -r debian-cd(Reading database ... 228705 files and directories currently installed.) Removing debian-cd (3.1.35) ... #dpkg -P debian-cd(Reading database ... 228049 files and directories currently installed.) Purging configuration files for debian-cd (3.1.35) ...
dpkg options that query the internal database in order to obtain information. Giving first the long options and then corresponding short options (that will evidently take the same possible arguments) we cite
--listfiles package (or -L), which lists the files installed by this package;
--search file (or -S), which finds the package(s) containing the file;
--status package (or -s), which displays the headers of an installed package;
--list (or -l), which displays the list of packages known to the system and their installation status;
--contents file.deb (or -c), which lists the files in the Debian package specified;
--info file.deb (or -I), which displays the headers of this Debian package.
مثال 5.5. پرس و جوهای گوناگون با استفاده از dpkg
$dpkg -L base-passwd/. /usr /usr/sbin /usr/sbin/update-passwd /usr/share /usr/share/base-passwd /usr/share/base-passwd/group.master /usr/share/base-passwd/passwd.master /usr/share/doc /usr/share/doc/base-passwd /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/README /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/changelog.gz /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/copyright /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.txt.gz /usr/share/doc-base /usr/share/doc-base/base-passwd.users-and-groups /usr/share/lintian /usr/share/lintian/overrides /usr/share/lintian/overrides/base-passwd /usr/share/man /usr/share/man/de /usr/share/man/de/man8 /usr/share/man/de/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/es /usr/share/man/es/man8 /usr/share/man/es/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/fr /usr/share/man/fr/man8 /usr/share/man/fr/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/ja /usr/share/man/ja/man8 /usr/share/man/ja/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/man8 /usr/share/man/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/pl /usr/share/man/pl/man8 /usr/share/man/pl/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/ru /usr/share/man/ru/man8 /usr/share/man/ru/man8/update-passwd.8.gz $dpkg -S /bin/datecoreutils: /bin/date $dpkg -s coreutilsPackage: coreutils Essential: yes Status: install ok installed Priority: required Section: utils Installed-Size: 18062 Maintainer: Michael Stone <mstone@debian.org> Architecture: amd64 Multi-Arch: foreign Version: 9.1-1 Pre-Depends: libacl1 (>= 2.2.23), libattr1 (>= 1:2.4.44), libc6 (>= 2.34), libgmp10 (>= 2:6.2.1+dfsg1), libselinux1 (>= 3.1~) Description: GNU core utilities This package contains the basic file, shell and text manipulation utilities which are expected to exist on every operating system. . Specifically, this package includes: arch base64 basename cat chcon chgrp chmod chown chroot cksum comm cp csplit cut date dd df dir dircolors dirname du echo env expand expr factor false flock fmt fold groups head hostid id install join link ln logname ls md5sum mkdir mkfifo mknod mktemp mv nice nl nohup nproc numfmt od paste pathchk pinky pr printenv printf ptx pwd readlink realpath rm rmdir runcon sha*sum seq shred sleep sort split stat stty sum sync tac tail tee test timeout touch tr true truncate tsort tty uname unexpand uniq unlink users vdir wc who whoami yes Homepage: http://gnu.org/software/coreutils $dpkg -l 'b*'Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold | Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend |/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad) ||/ Name Version Architecture Description +++-==========================-==============-============-=================== un backuppc <none> <none> (no description available) un balsa <none> <none> (no description available) ii baobab 43.0-1 amd64 GNOME disk usage analyzer un base <none> <none> (no description available) un base-config <none> <none> (no description available) ii base-files 12.4+deb12u5 amd64 Debian base system miscellaneous files ii base-passwd 3.6.1 amd64 Debian base system master password and group files ii bash 5.2.15-2+b2 amd64 GNU Bourne Again SHell ii bash-completion 1:2.11-6 all programmable completion for the bash shell [..] $dpkg -c /var/cache/apt/archives/bash_5.2.15-2+b2_amd64.debdrwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./bin/ -rwxr-xr-x root/root 1265648 2023-04-23 17:23 ./bin/bash drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./etc/ -rw-r--r-- root/root 1994 2023-04-23 17:23 ./etc/bash.bashrc drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./etc/skel/ -rw-r--r-- root/root 220 2023-04-23 17:23 ./etc/skel/.bash_logout -rw-r--r-- root/root 3526 2023-04-23 17:23 ./etc/skel/.bashrc -rw-r--r-- root/root 807 2023-04-23 17:23 ./etc/skel/.profile drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./usr/ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./usr/bin/ -rwxr-xr-x root/root 6865 2023-04-23 17:23 ./usr/bin/bashbug -rwxr-xr-x root/root 14488 2023-04-23 17:23 ./usr/bin/clear_console drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./usr/share/ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./usr/share/debianutils/ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./usr/share/debianutils/shells.d/ -rw-r--r-- root/root 21 2023-04-23 17:23 ./usr/share/debianutils/shells.d/bash drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./usr/share/doc/ [..] $dpkg -I /var/cache/apt/archives/bash_5.2.15-2+b2_amd64.debnew Debian package, version 2.0. size 1490660 bytes: control archive=2972 bytes. 77 bytes, 4 lines conffiles 1039 bytes, 27 lines control 4581 bytes, 65 lines md5sums 486 bytes, 24 lines * postinst #!/bin/bash 209 bytes, 5 lines * postrm #!/bin/sh 289 bytes, 22 lines * prerm #!/bin/bash Package: bash Source: bash (5.2.15-2) Version: 5.2.15-2+b2 Architecture: amd64 Essential: yes Maintainer: Matthias Klose <doko@debian.org> Installed-Size: 7164 Pre-Depends: libc6 (>= 2.36), libtinfo6 (>= 6) Depends: base-files (>= 2.1.12), debianutils (>= 5.6-0.1) Recommends: bash-completion (>= 20060301-0) Suggests: bash-doc Conflicts: bash-completion (<< 20060301-0) Replaces: bash-completion (<< 20060301-0), bash-doc (<= 2.05-1) Section: shells Priority: required Multi-Arch: foreign Homepage: http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/bashtop.html Description: GNU Bourne Again SHell Bash is an sh-compatible command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input or from a file. Bash also incorporates useful features from the Korn and C shells (ksh and csh). . Bash is ultimately intended to be a conformant implementation of the IEEE POSIX Shell and Tools specification (IEEE Working Group 1003.2). . The Programmable Completion Code, by Ian Macdonald, is now found in the bash-completion package.
dpkg مجموعه تمام رخدادهای خود را درون فایل /var/log/dpkg.log ذخیره می‌کند. این فایل تمام عملیات انجام شده توسط dpkg را به همراه جزئیات نمایش می‌دهد. در کنار ایجاد روشی جهت ردیابی عملکرد dpkg، این فایل تاریخچه‌ای از عملیات انجام شده روی سیستم را ذخیره می‌کند: به راحتی می‌توان تشخیص داد در هر لحظه چه بسته‌ای اضافه یا حذف شده است و این اطلاعات به درک و بررسی اتفاقات اخیر روی سیستم کمک شایانی می‌کند. به علاوه، تمام نسخه‌ها نیز نگهداری می‌شوند که این امر فرآیند بررسی اطلاعات موجود را با فایل changelog.Debian.gz برای بسته مورد نظر یا حتی گزارش‌های آنلاین باگ، تسهیل می‌نماید.
Architecture در فایل کنترلی خود هستند. این فیلد می‌تواند شامل “all” (برای بسته‌های مستقل از یک معماری خاص) یا نام معماری‌های مورد نظر (مانند “armhf”، “amd64” و ...) باشد. در مورد آخر، dpkg تنها در صورتی اقدام به نصب بسته می‌کند که معماری آن با معماری سیستم موجود که توسط دستور dpkg --print-architecture مشخص می‌شود، یکسان باشد.
dpkg به کاربران امکان تعریف “معماری‌های خارجی” که می‌توانند روی سیستم نصب شوند را می‌دهد. اینکار به راحتی با دستور dpkg--add-architecture که در ادامه می‌بینیم، انجام می‌شود. همچنین دستور متناظر با آن dpkg--remove-architecture است که پشتیبانی از یک معماری خارجی را متوقف می‌سازد، اما تنها زمانی قابل استفاده است که هیچ بسته‌ای از این معماری روی سیستم نصب نباشد.
#dpkg --print-architectureamd64 #dpkg --print-foreign-architectures#dpkg -i gcc-12-base_12.2.0-14_arm64.debdpkg: error: cannot access archive 'gcc-12-base_12.2.0-14_arm64.deb': No such file or directory #dpkg --add-architecture arm64#dpkg --add-architecture arm64#dpkg --print-foreign-architecturesarm64 #dpkg -i gcc-12-base_12.2.0-14_arm64.debSelecting previously unselected package gcc-12-base:arm64. (Reading database ... 166273 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack gcc-12-base_12.2.0-14_arm64.deb ... Unpacking gcc-12-base:arm64 (12.2.0-14) ... Setting up gcc-12-base:arm64 (12.2.0-14) ... #dpkg --remove-architecture arm64dpkg: error: cannot remove architecture 'arm64' currently in use by the database [..] #dpkg --remove-architecture arm64#dpkg --print-foreign-architectures#
Multi-Arch: same” header field to tell the packaging system that the various architectures of the package can be safely co-installed (and that those packages can only satisfy dependencies of packages of the same architecture). The most important libraries have been converted since the introduction of multi-arch in Debian 7 Wheezy, but there are many libraries that will likely never be converted unless someone specifically requests it (through a bug report for example).
$dpkg -s gcc-12-basedpkg-query: error: --status needs a valid package name but 'gcc-12-base' is not: ambiguous package name 'gcc-12-base' with more than one installed instance Use --help for help about querying packages. $dpkg -s gcc-12-base:arm64 | grep ^MultiMulti-Arch: same $dpkg -L libgcc-s1:amd64 |grep .so/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1 $dpkg -S /usr/share/doc/gcc-12-base/copyrightgcc-12-base:amd64, gcc-12-base:arm64: /usr/share/doc/gcc-12-base/copyright
Multi-Arch: same باید در انتهای نام خود، معماری را ذکر کنند تا به تنهایی قابل تشخیص از سایر بسته‌ها گردند. همچنین احتمال به اشتراک‌گذاری فایل‌ها از یک نمونه دیگر از آن بسته وجود دارد؛ dpkg اطمینان می‌یابد که تمام بسته‌ها زمانی که به اشتراک گذاشته می‌شوند فایل‌های یکسان و بیت به بیت دارند. در انتها، تمام نمونه‌های یک بسته باید از یک نسخه تبعیت کنند. همچنین باید با یکدیگر بروزرسانی گردند.
Multi-Arch: foreign” نشانه‌گذاری شده باشد یا معماری آن با معماری وابستگی‌اش یکسان باشد (در این فرآیند، بسته‌هایی که مستقل از یک معماری هستند به عنوان بسته‌های سازگار با معماری سیستم در نظر گرفته می‌شوند). همچنین یک وابستگی می‌تواند به منظور اجرا در سیستم، ضعیف گردد، با استفاده از package:any، اما بسته‌های خارجی تنها در حالتی می‌توانند این وابستگی را رعایت کنند که به عنوان “Multi-Arch: allowed” نشانه‌گذاری شده باشند.