dpkg 是系统上处理 Debian 软件包的基础指令。如果有 .deb 软件包，那么可以用 dpkg 来安装或分析其内容。但此指令只能看到 Debian 世界的部分内容：它知道系统安装了那些软件包，以及命令行给出了什么，但不知道其它还有哪些可用的软件包。这样，如果没有相依性就会失败。如 apt 和 aptitude 这样的工具，相反会可产生相依性清单，来尽量自动地安装软件包。
dpkg 是安装 Debian 已经可用软件包的工具 (因为不需下载任何东西)。我们使用它的 -i 或 --install 选项。
例 5.2. 通过dpkg来安装一个软件包
#dpkg -i man-db_2.11.2-2_amd64.deb(Reading database ... 166273 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack man-db_2.11.2-2_amd64.deb ... Unpacking man-db (2.11.2-2) over (2.11.2-2) ... Setting up man-db (2.11.2-2) ... Updating database of manual pages ... man-db.service is a disabled or a static unit not running, not starting it. Processing triggers for mailcap (3.70+nmu1) ...
dpkg 执行的不同步骤；这样，我们知道在哪一点会发生错误。安装也可以分为两个阶段来生效：首先拆包，然后配置。apt 会利用这个优点，来限制调用 dpkg 的次数（因为每次调用都有成本，要把数据加载到内存中，特别是已经安装的文件的列表）。
例 5.3. 分开解压和配置
#dpkg --unpack man-db_2.11.2-2_amd64.deb(Reading database ... 166273 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack man-db_2.11.2-2_amd64.deb ... Unpacking man-db (2.11.2-2) over (2.11.2-2) ... Processing triggers for mailcap (3.70+nmu1) ... #dpkg --configure man-dbSetting up man-db (2.11.2-2) ... Updating database of manual pages ... man-db.service is a disabled or a static unit not running, not starting it.
dpkg will fail to install a package and return an error; if the user orders it to ignore this, it will only issue a warning; it is for this reason that we have the different --force-* options. The dpkg --force-help command, or documentation of this command, will give a complete list of these options. The most frequent error, which you are bound to encounter sooner or later, is a file collision. When a package contains a file that is already installed by another package, dpkg will refuse to install it. The following messages will then appear:
Unpacking libgdm (from .../libgdm_3.8.3-2_amd64.deb) ...
dpkg: 处理 /var/cache/apt/archives/libgdm_3.8.3-2_amd64.deb (--unpack) 时发生错误:
试图覆写 '/usr/bin/gdmflexiserver'，也同时在软件包 gdm3 3.4.1-9 内--force-overwrite选项来告诉dpkg去忽略这个错误并且覆盖该文件。
--force-* options, only --force-overwrite is likely to be used regularly. These options only exist for exceptional situations, rarely encountered in Debian Stable. It is better to leave them alone as much as possible in order to respect the rules imposed by the packaging mechanism. Do not forget, these rules ensure the consistency and stability of your system.
dpkg 加上 -r 或 --remove 选项，再加上软件包名称，就可移除该软件包。然而，这种方式的移除并不完整：仍保留了所有的配置文件、维护脚本、日志文件（系统日志）及由软件包而处理的其他用户数据。停用程序的方式是卸载它，并且仍可以用相同的配置快速地重新安装回来。要完全移除与软件包相关的所有内容，应使用 -P 或 --purge 选项，再加上软件包的名称。
dpkg options that query the internal database in order to obtain information. Giving first the long options and then corresponding short options (that will evidently take the same possible arguments) we cite
--listfiles package (or -L), which lists the files installed by this package;
--search file (or -S), which finds the package(s) containing the file;
--status package (or -s), which displays the headers of an installed package;
--list (or -l), which displays the list of packages known to the system and their installation status;
--contents file.deb (or -c), which lists the files in the Debian package specified;
--info file.deb (or -I), which displays the headers of this Debian package.
例 5.5. dpkg的各种查询
$dpkg -L base-passwd/. /usr /usr/sbin /usr/sbin/update-passwd /usr/share /usr/share/base-passwd /usr/share/base-passwd/group.master /usr/share/base-passwd/passwd.master /usr/share/doc /usr/share/doc/base-passwd /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/README /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/changelog.gz /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/copyright /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.txt.gz /usr/share/doc-base /usr/share/doc-base/base-passwd.users-and-groups /usr/share/lintian /usr/share/lintian/overrides /usr/share/lintian/overrides/base-passwd /usr/share/man /usr/share/man/de /usr/share/man/de/man8 /usr/share/man/de/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/es /usr/share/man/es/man8 /usr/share/man/es/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/fr /usr/share/man/fr/man8 /usr/share/man/fr/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/ja /usr/share/man/ja/man8 /usr/share/man/ja/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/man8 /usr/share/man/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/pl /usr/share/man/pl/man8 /usr/share/man/pl/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/ru /usr/share/man/ru/man8 /usr/share/man/ru/man8/update-passwd.8.gz $dpkg -S /bin/datecoreutils: /bin/date $dpkg -s coreutilsPackage: coreutils Essential: yes Status: install ok installed Priority: required Section: utils Installed-Size: 18062 Maintainer: Michael Stone <mstone@debian.org> Architecture: amd64 Multi-Arch: foreign Version: 9.1-1 Pre-Depends: libacl1 (>= 2.2.23), libattr1 (>= 1:2.4.44), libc6 (>= 2.34), libgmp10 (>= 2:6.2.1+dfsg1), libselinux1 (>= 3.1~) Description: GNU core utilities This package contains the basic file, shell and text manipulation utilities which are expected to exist on every operating system. . Specifically, this package includes: arch base64 basename cat chcon chgrp chmod chown chroot cksum comm cp csplit cut date dd df dir dircolors dirname du echo env expand expr factor false flock fmt fold groups head hostid id install join link ln logname ls md5sum mkdir mkfifo mknod mktemp mv nice nl nohup nproc numfmt od paste pathchk pinky pr printenv printf ptx pwd readlink realpath rm rmdir runcon sha*sum seq shred sleep sort split stat stty sum sync tac tail tee test timeout touch tr true truncate tsort tty uname unexpand uniq unlink users vdir wc who whoami yes Homepage: http://gnu.org/software/coreutils $dpkg -l 'b*'Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold | Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend |/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad) ||/ Name Version Architecture Description +++-==========================-==============-============-=================== un backuppc <none> <none> (no description available) un balsa <none> <none> (no description available) ii baobab 43.0-1 amd64 GNOME disk usage analyzer un base <none> <none> (no description available) un base-config <none> <none> (no description available) ii base-files 12.4+deb12u5 amd64 Debian base system miscellaneous files ii base-passwd 3.6.1 amd64 Debian base system master password and group files ii bash 5.2.15-2+b2 amd64 GNU Bourne Again SHell ii bash-completion 1:2.11-6 all programmable completion for the bash shell [..] $dpkg -c /var/cache/apt/archives/bash_5.2.15-2+b2_amd64.debdrwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./bin/ -rwxr-xr-x root/root 1265648 2023-04-23 17:23 ./bin/bash drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./etc/ -rw-r--r-- root/root 1994 2023-04-23 17:23 ./etc/bash.bashrc drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./etc/skel/ -rw-r--r-- root/root 220 2023-04-23 17:23 ./etc/skel/.bash_logout -rw-r--r-- root/root 3526 2023-04-23 17:23 ./etc/skel/.bashrc -rw-r--r-- root/root 807 2023-04-23 17:23 ./etc/skel/.profile drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./usr/ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./usr/bin/ -rwxr-xr-x root/root 6865 2023-04-23 17:23 ./usr/bin/bashbug -rwxr-xr-x root/root 14488 2023-04-23 17:23 ./usr/bin/clear_console drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./usr/share/ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./usr/share/debianutils/ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./usr/share/debianutils/shells.d/ -rw-r--r-- root/root 21 2023-04-23 17:23 ./usr/share/debianutils/shells.d/bash drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2023-04-23 17:23 ./usr/share/doc/ [..] $dpkg -I /var/cache/apt/archives/bash_5.2.15-2+b2_amd64.debnew Debian package, version 2.0. size 1490660 bytes: control archive=2972 bytes. 77 bytes, 4 lines conffiles 1039 bytes, 27 lines control 4581 bytes, 65 lines md5sums 486 bytes, 24 lines * postinst #!/bin/bash 209 bytes, 5 lines * postrm #!/bin/sh 289 bytes, 22 lines * prerm #!/bin/bash Package: bash Source: bash (5.2.15-2) Version: 5.2.15-2+b2 Architecture: amd64 Essential: yes Maintainer: Matthias Klose <doko@debian.org> Installed-Size: 7164 Pre-Depends: libc6 (>= 2.36), libtinfo6 (>= 6) Depends: base-files (>= 2.1.12), debianutils (>= 5.6-0.1) Recommends: bash-completion (>= 20060301-0) Suggests: bash-doc Conflicts: bash-completion (<< 20060301-0) Replaces: bash-completion (<< 20060301-0), bash-doc (<= 2.05-1) Section: shells Priority: required Multi-Arch: foreign Homepage: http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/bashtop.html Description: GNU Bourne Again SHell Bash is an sh-compatible command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input or from a file. Bash also incorporates useful features from the Korn and C shells (ksh and csh). . Bash is ultimately intended to be a conformant implementation of the IEEE POSIX Shell and Tools specification (IEEE Working Group 1003.2). . The Programmable Completion Code, by Ian Macdonald, is now found in the bash-completion package.
dpkg 把所有的交易记录存在名为 /var/log/dpkg.log 的日志档。这个日志档的内容颇为详尽且啰唆，记录软件包被 dpkg 处理的每个进程。追踪 dpkg 的每个作为之外，日志档还保留系统发展的记录：可以覆查每个软件包的安装与移除步骤，对于了解最近的变动极有帮助。此外，还记录所有的版本，可以交互检查 changelog.Debian.gz 的内容，查看有问题的软件包或在线的错误报告。
架构 字段。该字段可包含：“全部“（对与架构无关的包），或者它的目标架构名称（如“amd64”， “armhf”，…）。对于后者，默认情况下，dpkg将只能接受安装与主机架构匹配的软件包，主机架构可通过dpkg --print-architecture来获得。
dpkg的多架构支持允许用户定义可安装于当前系统的“异质架构” 。这可以方便的通过 dpkg --add-architecture完成，如下例。有一相应的 dpkg --remove-architecture 以放弃对异质架构的支持，但仅可用于未余留该架构软件包的情况。
#dpkg --print-architectureamd64 #dpkg --print-foreign-architectures#dpkg -i gcc-12-base_12.2.0-14_arm64.debdpkg: error: cannot access archive 'gcc-12-base_12.2.0-14_arm64.deb': No such file or directory #dpkg --add-architecture arm64#dpkg --add-architecture arm64#dpkg --print-foreign-architecturesarm64 #dpkg -i gcc-12-base_12.2.0-14_arm64.debSelecting previously unselected package gcc-12-base:arm64. (Reading database ... 166273 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack gcc-12-base_12.2.0-14_arm64.deb ... Unpacking gcc-12-base:arm64 (12.2.0-14) ... Setting up gcc-12-base:arm64 (12.2.0-14) ... #dpkg --remove-architecture arm64dpkg: error: cannot remove architecture 'arm64' currently in use by the database [..] #dpkg --remove-architecture arm64#dpkg --print-foreign-architectures#
Multi-Arch: same”标头字段，以告诉打包系统此软件包的不同架构可以安全地并存安装（而且这些软件包仅能满足相同架构的软件包的依赖）。自从 Debian 7 Wheezy 引入多重架构后，最重要的库已经转换了。但也有很多库恐怕永远不会被转换，除非有人特别请求（例如通过缺陷报告）。
$dpkg -s gcc-12-basedpkg-query: error: --status needs a valid package name but 'gcc-12-base' is not: ambiguous package name 'gcc-12-base' with more than one installed instance Use --help for help about querying packages. $dpkg -s gcc-12-base:arm64 | grep ^MultiMulti-Arch: same $dpkg -L libgcc-s1:amd64 |grep .so/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1 $dpkg -S /usr/share/doc/gcc-12-base/copyrightgcc-12-base:amd64, gcc-12-base:arm64: /usr/share/doc/gcc-12-base/copyright
Multi-Arch: same软件包需具备能够明晰识别架构的名称。它们也能够与相同包的其他实例共享文件；dpkg确保所有的包在共享时具有逐位对应识别的文件。最后但并非最不重要的，一个包的所有实例必须为相同版本。它们必须同时升级。
Multi-Arch: foreign标识的软件包，或者架构上能匹配已声明依赖的软件包（在该依赖方案处理中，架构无关包假定为同样架构，而非主机架构）。通过 软件包 :any语法，依赖可以被弱化，以便允许任意架构能够满足依赖，但异质软件包仅能满足如下依赖：有“ Multi-Arch: allowed ”标识的依赖。