A Debian system can be installed from several types of media, as long as the BIOS/UEFI (see
ملاحظة UEFI، بديل عصري لنظام BIOS) of the machine allows it. You can for instance boot with a CD-ROM, a USB key, or even through a network.
4.1.1. التثبيت من CD-ROM/DVD-ROM
طريقة التثبيت الأكثر شيوعًا هي من خلال قرص CD-ROM (أو قرص DVD-ROM، الذي يعمل بنفس الطريقة تمامًا): يُقلع الحاسوب من خلال هذا الأخير ثم يتولى المُثبّت باقي المراحل.
Various CD-ROM families have different purposes: netinst (network installation) contains the installer and the base Debian system; all other programs are then downloaded. Its “image”, that is the ISO-9660 filesystem that contains the exact contents of the disk, takes up about 310 to 780 MB (depending on the architecture). On the other hand, the complete set offers all packages and allows for installation on a computer that has no Internet access; it requires around 21 DVD-ROMs (or 5 Blu-ray disks). There is no more official CD-ROMs set as they were really huge, rarely used and now most of the computers use DVD-ROMs as well as CD-ROMs. But the programs are divided among the disks according to their popularity and importance; the first disk will be sufficient for most installations, since it contains the most used software.
There is a last type of image, known as mini.iso, which is only available as a by-product of the installer. The image only contains the minimum required to configure the network and everything else is downloaded (including parts of the installer itself, which is why those images tend to break when a new version of the installer is released). Those images are usually smaller than 100MB, and they can be found on the normal Debian mirrors under the dists/release/main/installer-arch/current/images/netboot/ directory.
To acquire Debian CD-ROM images, you may, of course, download them and burn them to disk. You may also purchase them, and, thus, provide the project with a little financial support. Check the website to see the list of DVD-ROM image vendors and download sites.
4.1.2. الإقلاع من مفتاح USB
بما أن معظم الحواسيب تقدر على الإقلاع من أجهزة USB، فيمكنك تثبيت دبيان من مفتاح USB أيضاً (وهي الذواكر الومضية الصغيرة).
يشرح دليل التثبيت طريقة إنشاء مفتاح USB يحتوي على debian-installer. إجراءات هذه العملية بسيطة جداً لأن صور ISO للمعماريتين i386 وamd64 هجينة (hybrid) ويمكن الإقلاع بها سواء من CD-ROM أو مفتاح USB.
You must first identify the device name of the USB key (ex: /dev/sdb); the simplest means to do this is to check the messages issued by the kernel using the dmesg command. Then you must copy the previously downloaded ISO image (for example, debian-12.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso) with the command cat debian-12.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso >/dev/sdb; sync. This command requires administrator rights, since it accesses the USB key directly and blindly erases its content.
A more detailed explanation is available in the installation manual. Among other things, it describes an alternative method of preparing a USB key that is more complex, but that allows you to customize the installer's default options (those set in the kernel command line).
4.1.3. التثبيت من خلال الإقلاع الشّبكي (Network Booting)
العديد من نُسخ البيوس تسمح بالإقلاع مباشرة من الشبكة عبر تنزيل النواة وصورة قياسية لنظام الملفات. يمكن لهذه الطريقة (نجدها تحت عدة مسميات، مثل
PXE أو إقلاع
TFTP) إنقاذ الحاسوب إن لم يكن يحوي سواقة CD-ROM، أو كان البيوس لا يستطيع الإقلاع من وسيط كهذا.
تعمل هذه الطريقة على مرحلتين. أولاً يُرسل البيوس (أو بطاقة الشبكة) طلب BOOTP/DHCP أثناء إقلاع الحاسوب، للحصول آليًا على عنوان IP. عندما يرد مخدم BOOTP أو DHCP فإنه ردّه يتضمن اسم ملف بالإضافة لإعدادت الشبكة. بعد ضبط الشبكة يرسل الحاسوب العميل طلب TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) للحصول على الملف الذي أشير لاسمه سابقًا، لينفذه كمحمّل إقلاع بعد الحصول عليه. يعمل هذا الملف عندئذ على تشغيل برنامج تثبيت دبيان كما لو كان يعمل من قرص صلب أو CD-ROM أو مفتاح USB.
All the details of this method are available in the installation guide (“Preparing files for TFTP Net Booting” section).
When we have to deploy customized installations for a large number of computers, we generally choose an automated rather than a manual installation method. Depending on the situation and the complexity of the installations to be made, we can use FAI (Fully Automatic Installer, described in
قسم 12.3.1, “Fully Automatic Installer (FAI)”), or even a customized installation DVD with so-called “preseeding“ (see
قسم 12.3.2, “تغذية مثبت دبيان”).
It should also be noted that the installer can load and run an SSH server and thus provides the ability to install Debian remotely via an SSH session. The release notes also describe how to run the installer from an existing system using grub to replace it completely.
