6.3. The apt-cache 命令

6.3. The `apt-cache` 命令

apt-cache 命令可显示 APT 内部数据库里的多种信息。这些信息是从 sources.list 文件内聚集不同来源的缓存。于运行 apt update 运作时产生的。

术语缓存

缓存是一种暂存系统，当常用访问方法昂贵 (性能方面) 时，用于加快常用数据的取用速度。这个概念应用范围极广，从微处理器核心至高端保存系统。

In the case of APT, the reference Packages files are those located on Debian mirrors. That said, it would be very ineffective to go through the network for every search that we might want to do in the database of available packages. That is why APT stores a copy of those files (in /var/lib/apt/lists/) and searches are done within those local files. Similarly, /var/cache/apt/archives/ contains a cache of already downloaded packages (see sidebar 扩展 .deb 文件的缓存) to avoid downloading them again if you need to reinstall them after a removal.

另一方面，必须运行 apt update 更新缓存。否则您的搜索结果会错过Debian镜像站发行版的最新更新。

apt-cache 命令可以通过 apt-cache search keyword做基于关键词的软件包搜索。也能使用 apt-cache show 软件包名称 显示可用版本软件包的标头。这个命令提供软件包说明、依赖性、维护者名称等。请注意，apt search、apt show、aptitude search 和 aptitude show 都以同样方式运作。

其他 axi-cache

apt-cache search 是基础的工具，使用 grep 搜索软件包描述。输入过多键词可能返回大量结果或完全无数据。

axi-cache search trem，从另一方面来说提供更好的结果，以相关性排序。使用 Xapian 搜索引擎且它是 apt-xapian-index 软件包的一部分索引所有软件包的信息 (进一步来说，就像是来自所有 Debian 软件包的 .desktop 档)。显示标签 (见专栏 进阶阅读Tag 字段) 并在毫秒之间送回结果。

$ axi-cache search package use::searching
axi-cache search package use::searching
30 results found.
Results 1-20:
100% packagesearch - GUI for searching packages and viewing package information
94% mlocate - transitional dummy package
87% cruft - transitional package
86% debtags - Debian Package Tags support tools
85% whohas - query multiple distributions' package archives
84% recoll - Personal full text search package
81% apt-forktracer - utility for tracking non-official package versions
[..]
68% wajig - unified package management front-end for Debian/Ubuntu
More terms: debian dctrl packagesearch information aptitude manager dpkg
More tags: admin::package-management works-with::software:package role::program suite::debian interface::commandline scope::application scope::utility
`axi-cache more' will give more results

有些功能极少用到。例如，apt-cache dumpavail 显示所有软件包全部版本的标头。apt-cache pkgnames 显示出现在缓存至少一次的软件包清单。

One of the features which might come in handy more often is apt-cache policy, described in the following section.

6.3.1. The `apt-cache policy` Command

The apt-cache policy command displays the pinning priorities and distribution properties of each package source as explained in 第 6.2.5 节 “软件包优先级管理”. It can also show the pinning priorities for all available versions and sources of a package. For the sources.list example used in 例 6.2 “给 Debian 稳定版用户的 /etc/apt/sources.list 文件” and APT::Default-Release set to "/^bookworm(|-security|-updates)$/", the output will look like this:

$ apt-cache policy
Package files:
 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
     release a=now
 990 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates/non-free-firmware amd64 Packages
     release v=12-updates,o=Debian,a=stable-updates,n=bookworm-updates,l=Debian,c=non-free-firmware,b=amd64
     origin deb.debian.org
 990 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates/main amd64 Packages
     release v=12-updates,o=Debian,a=stable-updates,n=bookworm-updates,l=Debian,c=main,b=amd64
     origin deb.debian.org
 990 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/non-free-firmware amd64 Packages
     release v=12,o=Debian,a=stable-security,n=bookworm-security,l=Debian-Security,c=non-free-firmware,b=amd64
     origin security.debian.org
 990 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 Packages
     release v=12,o=Debian,a=stable-security,n=bookworm-security,l=Debian-Security,c=main,b=amd64
     origin security.debian.org
 990 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/non-free-firmware amd64 Packages
     release v=12.5,o=Debian,a=stable,n=bookworm,l=Debian,c=non-free-firmware,b=amd64
     origin deb.debian.org
 990 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 Packages
     release v=12.5,o=Debian,a=stable,n=bookworm,l=Debian,c=main,b=amd64
     origin deb.debian.org
Pinned packages:

apt-cache policy 可以显示指定软件包所有可用版本的固定优先级和源。

$ apt-cache policy adb
adb:
  Installed: 1:29.0.6-28
  Candidate: 1:29.0.6-28
  Version table:
     1:33.0.3-2~bpo12+1 100
        100 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-backports/main amd64 Packages
 *** 1:29.0.6-28 990
        990 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status

Although there is a newer version of adb in the bookworm-backports repository, APT will not install it automatically based on the priority. One would have to use apt install adb/bookworm-backports or add a higher pinning priority to /etc/apt/preferences.d/adb.pref:

Package: adb
Pin: release o=Debian Backports,n=bookworm-backports
Pin-Priority: 1001

$ apt-cache policy limnoria
adb:
  Installed: 1:29.0.6-28
  Candidate: 1:33.0.3-2~bpo12+1
  Version table:
     1:33.0.3-2~bpo12+1 1001
        100 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-backports/main amd64 Packages
 *** 1:29.0.6-28 990
        990 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status